Confusing presentation with substance

The dark side of yacht design is the desire to just make pretty pictures. I believe we would all like to make things of beauty...that applies even to engineers. Indeed, there have been beautiful bridges, automobiles, trains, buildings, commercial aircraft, and dams. Yachts, particularly large sailing yachts, are intended to be beautiful and to be admired. Unlike the previously mentioned objects, there generally lesser requirements for performance, safety or reliability. Nor is there any requirement that the designers be professionally licensed, or even show minimal compentency. Anyone can put up a shingle or website declaring himself to be a yacht designer. Here's an example from Lila-Lou Design House I found on Sailing Anarchy yesterday:

Skimming over the sea.

More skimming

Look, they even made a fully rendered video and posted it on Youtube. I know just how long it takes make a 3D model of a complex vessel, as well as how many hours of CPU time are sucked up rendering these images and making the video. Consequently, I have to give these guys extra credit for using their full allotment of electrons, as well as an overall "A" for presentation. However, I'm afraid I've had to give them "F" on both Substance, and Comprehension of Sailing Forces 101. Alas, where to start?

Arrangement of masts and keels

Perhaps I can start with the multiplicity of keels and masts...ah, screw it, it's hopeless, and I have other stuff to do. To be (more than) fair, I've emailed them and asked them to respond with their design rationale. My point is not to pick apart this particularly stupid design, but to comment on the confusion between style and substance that you often see in yacht design.

I imagine, from their website that they have some training as interior designers or architects; consequently, presentation is everything to them. One of the dangers of photorealistic rendering is that it confers plausibility to even the most outlandish concept. Okay, you may say, it's just harmless masturbation. However, there is always the possibility that they will be able to convince some poor feckless schmuck to actually build it.

10/30 update: Amazing the PR that these loons are putting out. Looks like they've acquired a handsome pitchman with some stripes on his sleeve:

In one of Sailing Anarchy's user forums they've already beat on this striped idiot. Check it out.

Cangarda and Cape James

Just back from the Cangarda (checking out the thrust bearing) and trying to avoid real work. Yes, Cangarda is still here and still stuck in regulatory limbo. I've got many emails enquiring after her including one with a nice link to the Fulford Place in Brockville, ON. (George Fulford owned Magedoma ex-Cangarda for many years).

Cangarda and Cape James

Beautiful, cloudless day at the Marina. (Ah...should go outside more and top up on Vitamin D!). Astern of Cangarda is Cape James, which is a cool little ship with an interesting history. This stout wooden (mostly Douglas fir) vessel was designed as a coastal freighter. Built in 1943 by the Martinolich Shipyard in Oakland (now closed for many years) and drafted into the US Army as the FP47 , it operated in the Western Pacific as a communication vessel during WWII. They say the rust spots in the hull that periodically appear are shrapnel (hmm...I don't believe it). For many years it has been a small passenger vessel operating in adventure tourism...which makes you wonder what they're doing in Richmond (actually adventurous in parts). They have a very nice website (although they guy labelled as Douglas MacArthur on board in WWII is really just some other white man in a hat) .

At Tri-Coastal, we try not to reinvent the wheel, unless it really needs it. Cangarda, unfortunately has been held back a little by unnecessary wheel re-invention.

Cangarda's original awning

Some ridge poles, some guy wires, a few clever fittings...the awning was protective, useful and simple to set and strike. It was a refinement of a design that probably went back to the Babylonians. I think you can tell how critical the awning was to the operation of the yacht by the number of historic drawings we have on the awning fittings. At least half of the Pusey and Jones drawings we got from Hagley Museum are of awning fittings.

Cangarda's new awning frame

I don't know what the heck they have in mind for the new awning, but then I didn't design it. The top looks like it will make a pretty good airfoil!

Pride of Baltimore

Seaforth Publishing is about (although they've been saying that for a year) to publish Sailing into the Past, which is about learning from replica vessels. Frankly, I don't believe we've learned that much; however, I did write the chapter on the ill fated Pride of Baltimore. I'm sure there are people who are much more qualified; unfortunately, they were all dead, demented or apparently wanted too much money. Hence, by default...

Pride at her zenith

Reaching down to Cruz Bay a few weeks before her end

Pride and its fatal end have been covered elsewhere. Tom Waldron wrote a book about the sinking. My chapter mostly covers the history of Baltimore Clippers in general and the construction and early days sailing it. I've already been remonstrated for one error in the chapter. I said that Pride never had a new, matched set of sails...obviously false as shown in these photos.

Post any other corrections, or email me.

Classic wooden yachts

Nathaniel Greene Herreshoff is, undoubtedly, the greatest American yacht designer and builder ever. Most notably "Captain Nat" Designed and built the five winning America's Cup yachts from 1893 to 1920. (He also built the winning cup yachts in 1930 and 1934 ...every winning America's Cup Yacht from 1893 to 1934 was built by Herreshoff). He was a fantastically prolific innovator, inventing the folding propeller, the two speed winch, cross cut sails, the modern catamaran, the streamlined bulb keel, and other devices and practices too numerous to list here.

What I admire most about Captain Nat is the way he handled relations with clients. In 1903, following the brilliant success of Ingomar, Kaiser Wilhelm (yes, that Kaiser Wilhelm, the supreme leader of the German Empire) contracted Herreshoff to build him a new racing schooner. When the model (Herreshoff designed hull forms using wooden models) was complete, the Wilhelm cabled Herreshoff and instructed him to make certain modifications to it. Herreshoff famously replied that he would build the vessel but could accept no design input--basically cancelling the contract with the Kaiser! (and thereby setting the gold standard for client management to which all yacht designer must aspire.) Anyhow, at the end of April, 1910, the Herreshoff schooner Westward crossed the Atlantic to take part in the Kiel Regatta, winning three out of four races, leaving a frustrated Kaiser Wilhelm II behind on his Meteor IV. (This was, of course, the true underlying cause of WWI).

His smaller yachts were also justly famous and are considered classics today with the old vessels patiently restored and new ones painstakingly built to his designs. Almost every issue of WoodenBoat magazine has an article about a Herreshoff restoration or new build. He was truly the "Wizard of Bristol", his designs were great and innovative, and the vessels were wickedly fast...for their era. Now, I don't relish a shit storm of angry responses on this, because NGH truly is like a god to me; however, design and technology have advanced since then.

I had this epiphany Wednesday night at the local SNAME meeting. Former TCM employee Brooks Dees was presenting his latest sport yacht design (I wrote about it previously), a GP-26. Part of the presentation was boat rides. I watched from the dock as Brooks backed out of the slip in front of the restaurant and proceeded to close reach up the Oakland Estuary at nine knots (in about 10 knots of true wind and with seven, somewhat overweight, naval architects on board). In minutes they were out of sight to windward. A moment later, a Buzzard's Bay 15 (much like this picture) dragged its classic wooden ass past us to leeward at a sedate two or three knots. The owner seemed content at the helm, wearing a Greek fisherman's cap.

Yachting in a Buzzard's Bay 15

Although the two boats are similar in size and intended use, they are separated by a hundred years of change. Now, not all change is good, and I'm sure that there are many traditionalists out there who (will rage on me as soon as I publish this)believe that one "can't improve on perfection". They would rather arrive sedately at three knots in a vessel of highly varnish wood than operate something made from carbon fibers.

I feel otherwise. Without parsing perfection, I suppose my argument is that sailing is always uncomfortable, so you might as well get it over with as fast as possible (which is why I windsurf). I don't know if Nat Herreshoff would necessarily agree with that, but I suspect (if he were alive today) he would be appalled that people still build, and claim to enjoy "racing" his 100+ year old designs.

Cangarda under way!

Cangarda under way! Coast Guard has given limited permission on the Bay for builder's trials. The steam yacht operated for Saturday and Sunday, going just outside the Golden Gate for a helicopter photo shoot.

Leaving Richmond Marina (Albany Hill in the background)

Helicopter aerial

A little bow trim

The crew is making progress with the vessel. The automation and boiler managment system are much more stable and seem to be working better. Previously, there were several problems with the steam plant. One of the big ones was maintaining the burner flame when turned down low. They've spent a tremendous amount of time adjusting the steam atomization, fuel pressure, etc. Now (from a distance), it seems to be working... for the first time both burners have operated at once.

Indeed, although Cangarda is working much better, there is still a great deal to do on the regulatory side before the USCG will let the vessel go to the East Coast. Stay tuned.

Cangarda at Bay Ship and Yacht

Cangarda was hauled last week for a bottom job (it has been almost two years since it was launched) and a repair of the shaft seal. Joel Welter, the chief naval architect at Bay Ship and Yacht, took this picture of it on their synchrolift.

The vessel is operating under automation now, and navigated around San Francisco Bay this weekend for about twelve hours. According to Steve Cobb, they reached 205 shaft rpms (~ 10 knots), which is about 80% of the theoretical maximum. So far, it looks like our propeller calculations were good (whew!)... the prop seems to perfectly matched to the vessel and the power plant. We won't be able to determine that for sure until we can conduct full sea trials.

The owner is quite anxious to move the vessel to the East Coast; however, there are still a few bugs to work out and regulatory barriers to hurdle. Stay tuned.

Cangarda haulout update

After months of labor by many expert steam and automation technicians, Cangarda is finally able to maintain combustion and operate under steam. Coast Guard permitted the vessel to move to Bay Ship in Alameda on Sunday, where it will be hauled and have a few repairs. Photos to follow!

Finite element analysis

I'm clinging on to the top of Cangarda's main engine with one hand (the crocheted glove is a style thing) while leaning back to take this picture. The point of this exercise was to get a better 'grip' on the geometry of the cylinder head for a finite element analysis of the pressure forces. Our first cut at determining the stresses in the head was to assume it was a flat plate. A simplification that was ...simple, but clearly incorrect. The stress result was ~9600 psi for the test pressure, which for an old casting of unknown quality, could be too high...it could fail.

So, we made a 3D, virtual solid model of the head (omitting the stud on the top, which is probably not important).And, after applying simplified boundary conditions, subjected it to the virtual test pressure force.

This is a plot of the Von Mises "stress" for the test pressure. The result is that the predicted stress is actually ~3700 psi...a stress which is much less likely to result in failure.

I put "stress" in quotes since it really isn't a stress. It's a numerical way Von Mises, whoever he was, developed to combine the three principal stresses into single number, which he then compared to the yield stress of the material.

Cangarda Overtime

"Hola, amigos. How's it going with you? I know it's been a long time since I rapped at ya. I been trying get through a jungle of bullshit, but it grows back as fast as I can cut it down.."*

As all the homies know, Cangarda (and Jeff Rutherford) moved out in January. The marina is reverting to the swamp and fenland from whence it came. We have a semi-resident female sea lion now, which is in a way preferrable to yachts, boatbuilding and commerce. Our landlord (of whom I must speak in the gentlest terms, lest we be kicked out as well) evidently prefers it this way as only our office and a houseboat remain.

Cangarda's new berth is on a westerly facing end tie in the Richmond Marina (Marina Bay). It's a little exposed to the West, but they have some strong fenders out and it looks in pretty good shape.


It's in a picturesque spot (across the Marina from the old Ford assembly plant), and the docks and bathrooms are way better than at 320 West Cutting, but the boat is a full seven minutes walk from the gate, making it a time/management nightmare. Still, it's a veritable hive of activity there with the owner, captain, Jeff, Steve, electricians and assorted helpers on board, as well as three super experienced steam engineers laboring away, trying to make the thing run. Here's Chief Jordan and Gary upside down in the bilge...Pull up your pants fahcrissake!
Getting it to run is still problematical, but perhaps a bigger hurdle is getting the permission to run it at all. Steam boats have been pretty strictly regulated in the US since 1871 with the formation of the Steam Boat Inspection Service (merged into the Coast Guard in 1942). The law, still very much in force, regulates all vessels, even yachts, greater than forty feet in length with a steam pressure greater than 50 psi, i.e., Cangarda. In general, yachts are only subject to very weak oversight by the Coast Guard. As an example, a lunatic could quite well have the idea to build a fifty foot sailing catamaran, out of disposable plastic bottles, attempt to sail to Hawaii, and the Coast Guard would do nothing to stop him. But steamboats, even privately owned pleasure yachts, are subject to all federal regulations. Period. That's why I stopped by Cangarda on Friday.

The new boiler is hotter and more energetic than the original Almy, and is currently set to run at a high pressure. Although the boiler has been tested to the higher pressure, and the piping is rated at much higher pressure, the Coast Guard has no assurance that engine itself can withstand the higher pressure.

Here are the decorative covers to the cylinder head covers. Each cylinder, and the adjacent steam receiver, has a seperate, bolted head.


This is the head of the high pressure cylinder.
The complex shape of the head makes any simple analysis of the pressure forces a little dubious. Tomorrow I will put up some images of a finite element analysis of the pressure forces on the head.

*Jim Anchower, The Onion